The N52 engines incorporate a digital mass air flow sensor, in which changes in the intake air mass are represented by a duty cycle signal with the help of which there is no need for conversion of the signal in the ECM. When there is no output signal from the air flow sensor, the ECM controls the engine on the basis of throttle position and engine rpm inputs, while a defective air flow sensor lights up the MIL. Also recognized is the intake air temperature sensor, which is a part of the mass air flow sensor and is an NTC thermistor that receives reference current and ground from the ECM at 5 volts. Problems can arise with an air flow sensor and these include failure to start when hot, intermittent starting and stalling, or a condition whereby the vehicle starts only with the accelerator pedal being applied.