The cooling passages on the M54 cylinder head are such that the head is cooled separately, at temperatures lower than that of the cylinder block. The cylinder head is made of aluminum and there is the incorporation of double overhead camshafts, and the engines have four valves per cylinder with crossflow. The intake valve is on one of the sides of the combustion chamber, while the exhaust valve is on the other, spark plugs are in the center of the cylinder head.